How graphene is made — from lab to industrial scale
Graphene’s most celebrated property is its perfect, unbroken sp² carbon lattice. That lattice is why it conducts electricity so well, why it conducts heat so well, and why it …
Every conventional graphene production route starts with graphite. Graphite is mined, refined, and shipped, and its price sets a floor under the cost of the graphene made from it. …
Ask someone to describe how graphene is made and you will usually hear about chemical vapor deposition — hot furnaces, copper foils, atomically perfect films. That is how the …
In 1958, William Hummers and Richard Offeman published a two-page paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society describing a new method for oxidizing graphite using …
Chemical vapor deposition — CVD — is how the highest-quality graphene is made. It is a fundamentally different process from the liquid-phase or electrochemical methods that produce …
If you are buying graphene, evaluating a supplier, or assessing the quality of graphene-enhanced products, you will encounter Raman spectroscopy data. It is the single most common …
Chemical vapor deposition is the gold standard for producing high-quality, large-area graphene films. It can grow continuous monolayer graphene over areas measured in square …
If the first question about graphene is “what is it?”, the second is inevitably “how do you make it?” The answer is more complicated than most summaries …