Graphene Functionalization: Why Surface Chemistry Decides Whether Graphene Works
Graphene’s most celebrated property is its perfect, unbroken sp² carbon lattice. That lattice is why it conducts electricity so well, why it conducts heat …
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Flash Graphene and Waste-Derived Feedstocks: Making Graphene from Trash
Every conventional graphene production route starts with graphite. Graphite is mined, refined, and shipped, and its price sets a floor under the cost of the …
Read moreLiquid-Phase Exfoliation: How Most Commercial Graphene Is Actually Made
Ask someone to describe how graphene is made and you will usually hear about chemical vapor deposition — hot furnaces, copper foils, atomically perfect films. …
Read moreThe Hummers Method: How Graphene Oxide Is Made and Why It Matters
In 1958, William Hummers and Richard Offeman published a two-page paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society describing a new method for oxidizing …
Read moreChemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene: How CVD Works and Why It Matters
Chemical vapor deposition — CVD — is how the highest-quality graphene is made. It is a fundamentally different process from the liquid-phase or electrochemical …
Read moreGraphene Quality Control: What Raman Spectroscopy Actually Tells You
If you are buying graphene, evaluating a supplier, or assessing the quality of graphene-enhanced products, you will encounter Raman spectroscopy data. It is the …
Read moreCVD Graphene: The Transfer Problem Nobody Talks About
Chemical vapor deposition is the gold standard for producing high-quality, large-area graphene films. It can grow continuous monolayer graphene over areas …
Read moreHow Graphene Is Made: Every Production Method Explained
If the first question about graphene is “what is it?”, the second is inevitably “how do you make it?” The answer is more complicated …
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